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Aim. The purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of new cardiac biomarkers.

Background. Cardiovascular diseases have been a heavy burden on the health system’s shoulders and caused about 30 percent of human's deaths annually. Irreversible myocardial injury occurs within around 15-20 minutes following the coronary artery occlusion. Therefore, early diagnosis of this problem is very important for the health care professionals to save patients’ lives. Nowadays, thanks to recognition of new biomarkers and using their characteristics, evaluating the short-term and long-term prognosis is possible.

Method. In this study, papers published within the time period 1980 to 2014, were considered. The papers  were searched out by the keywords “cardiac biomarker”, “new cardiac markers”, “coronary diseases”, and “cardiovascular diseases” in Elsevier, Google Scholar, JAMA, Science Direct, Wiley, PubMed, and Iran Medex databases.

Findings. The results indicate that characteristic of each biomarker can play an important role to advance the goals of medicine and harm reduction in the cardiovascular patients. However, despite the high efficiency, routine usage of them is still unclear which indicates the need for further research in this field.

Conclusion. New biomarkers provide new insight about recognition of the causes of cardiovascular diseases, also their easy and rapid application with high sensitivity and predictive value will develop a dramatic change in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

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Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of education based on Orem’s self-care model on emotional reactions in people with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD).
Background. ICD shock is unpredictable and associated with physical pain. After receiving shock, some patients find serious psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and stress. According to Orem, learning self-care activities can help a person to maintain health and well-being and increase the ability to adapt to illness.
Method. In this quasi-experimental study, 60 people with ICD who were admitted to Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center in Tehran, were recruited. The data collection tool was a demographic form and DASS-21 questionnaire. The educational program based on Orem’s self-care model was performed in 3 sessions of 20-30 minutes based on individual self-care needs of the participants. Emotional responses were measured in two stages, before and one month after the end of intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.
Findings. Before intervention, the mean score for anxiety was 18.06±5.49 that decreased after intervention (11.26±3.49) (p≤0.0001). The mean score of depression was significantly decreased after intervention (10.78±3.91 against 16.28±5.96; (p≤0.0001). Before intervention, the mean score for stress was 23.58±6.17 that decreased after intervention (15.51±4.18) (p≤0.0001).
Conclusion. Application of Orem’s self-care model can be effective in reducing the intensity of emotional reactions in people with ICD. Nurses can play a role in reducing emotional reactions by implementing this model and assessing educational needs of patients.