Cardiovascular Nursing Journal

Convergence of nurses-physicians calculated HEART pathway in patients with chest pain and its role in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)

Parham Sadeghipour

Abstract
Aim. This study aimed at examining the convergence of calculated HEART pathway by physician and nurse along its utility to predict the 3-month occurrence of major adverse cardiac even (MACE) in patients with chest pain admitted to emergency department (ED).
Background. The HEART pathway is a tool to predict MACE in patients with chest pain admitted to ED, to help risk stratification for early discharge and reduce unnecessary cardiac tests.
Method. In the present study, a diagnostic tool was evaluated. Ninety-seven ED patients with acute chest pain, hospitalized in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, were recruited prospectively. Risk stratification was performed by an ED nurse, a cardiology resident, and a cardiology attending physician. The correlation and the 3-month MACE outcomes were analyzed.
Findings. Pairwise agreements were excellent between the raters. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) among raters were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73–0.97) and thus, overall agreement was excellent. The HEART pathway score showed a high predictive power (AUC: 0.85 for 3-month MACE). For a cut-off score of 4, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values were 87.5, 58.9, and 95.8 percent, respectively.
Conclusion. The HEART pathway score predicted effectively 3-month MACE in patients with acute non-traumatic chest pain. The high agreement among the three different raters suggests that nurses might use efficiently the score.

The role of human serum albumin in heart failure: a narrative review

Fatemeh Bahramnezhad

Aim. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the role of serum albumin in heart failure.
Background. Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that affects a large population worldwide yearly, and its mortality is even higher than that of many cancers. Although the identification of traditional risk factors has helped in primary prevention, the death rate due to this disease is still increasing. Identifying potential and modifiable risk factors that are not known yet seems necessary in this situation. Serum albumin has been known for many years as a strong prognostic biomarker in many pathological conditions. In recent years, studies have been conducted regarding the role of serum albumin in the prediction, prognosis and treatment of heart failure symptoms.
Method. This narrative study was conducted in 2023. For this purpose, the data bases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, SID, MagIran were searched out with the keywords albumin, heart failure, diastolic failure, systolic failure, and a total of 30 articles were included in the study.
Findings. Hypoalbuminemia is a common finding in patients with heart failure, and among its main causes in heart failure are malnutrition, inflammation, lack of intestinal function, lack of kidney function, and liver disease. According to clinical and experimental evidence, hypoalbuminemia is related to fluid retention and exacerbation of pulmonary edema in these patients. Also, hypoalbuminemia can independently predict the onset of a new heart failure and can be measured as a prognostic factor of heart failure outcomes. However, there is still no evidence that directly shows the benefit of albumin injection in patients with heart failure.
Conclusion. Serum albumin can be measured as a modifiable risk factor and a prognostic factor in heart failure, but it is necessary to limit its use to cases where its effectiveness has been confirmed.

The effect of mindfulness training on corona anxiety in patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease

Forouzan Rostami

Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on Corona anxiety in patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease in Imam Ali Hospital, Amol, Iran.
Background. Since its outbreak, the corona virus has shown that it defeats more people with underlying diseases and puts them at risk of death than those who have a healthy body.
Method. This was a quasi-experimental study with control group. The accecible population of this research was all corona patients with a history of cardiovascular disease in Imam Ali Hospital, Amol, Iran, in 2021-2022. Sampling was done from the patients admitted to the hospital based on convenience sampling method. To collect information, the Corona Virus Anxiety Questionnaire developed by Alipour et al. (2018) was used. Mindfulness training based on Kabat-Zinn (2005) educational plan was implemented in experimental group in 8 sessions of 2-hour duration per week.
Findings. The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that mindfulness training has an effect on reducing anxiety of Corona in patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease to the extent of 0.87 (p≤0.001). Univariate covariance analysis showed that mindfulness training has an effect on reducing the mental symptoms of Corona anxiety in patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease to the extent of 0.83 (p≤0.001). Also, mindfulness training has an effect on reducing physical symptoms of Corona anxiety in patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease by 0.79 (p≤0.001).
Conclusion. Mindfulness exercises can enable patients with Covid-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease to pause and reflect a little before responding, and these pauses provide them with an opportunity. It allows them to get rid of judgment in many situations that can lead to anger, fear and anxiety. This will provide conditions that patients, even in the worst and acute state of their illness, are more likely to be able to maintain their mental peace and thereby, reduce the physical signs and symptoms of anxiety.

The relationship of sleep quality and perceived stress with depression in women with acute heart attack and anxiety symptoms

Elham Nomiri

Abstract
Aim. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of sleep quality and perceived stress with depression in women with acute myocardial infarction and anxiety symptoms.
Background. Depression is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of about 15 percent, and today it is considered the main cause of disability worldwide and ranks fourth among the ten main causes of the global burden of disease, which is characterized by long-term periods, a variety of symptoms. It is accompanied by a high rate of recurrence and many physical and mental disorders.
Method. Descriptive-correlational research design was selected for conducting the study. Statistical population included the women with acute heart attack living in Tehran in year 2022. Seventy people who scored higher than average in the anxiety questionnaire were selected as the research sample. The tools of data collection in this research were anxiety, depression, sleep quality and perceived stress questionnaires.
Findings. The results showed that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between sleep quality and negative perceived stress and depression, and also a negative and statistically significant relationship was found between positive perceived stress and depression. Sleep quality, negative perceived stress, and positive perceived stress could predict respectively 0.18, 0.20, and 0.08 of changes in depression score.
Conclusions. Sleep problems can cause psychological distress and decrease concentration in people, so it can be expected that an increase in sleep problems can reduce a person's energy, and by increasing anxiety, it can cause an increase in psychological problems such as depression. Therefore, people who suffer from heart disease often endure a high level of anxiety due to the risk of the disease, which can be associated with increased sleep problems, thus leading to depression in them.

A review of the management of the hemodynamic status of brain death donors

Fatemeh Bahramnezhad

Abstract
Aim. This study was conducted with the aim of providing care solutions to manage the hemodynamic status of potential donors with brain death.
Background. Currently, organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for complete organ failure. The results of studies have shown that a significant percentage of potential donors with brain death organs are not usable for transplantation due to hemodynamic instability. Therefore, hemodynamic management in this category of donors plays an essential role in the donation process. Despite the studies, there are no strong evidences and recommendations about the management of hemodynamic stability of these patients. Therefore, in this review, evidence-based solutions have been tried to maintain the hemodynamic stability of these donors.
Method. In this review study, with library search and search in databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and MagIran with the keywords organ donor management, brain death, hemodynamic care, organ donor, deceased donor, hemodynamic management, donation after neurological death, and cardiovascular management published in the period from 2009 to 2024. In addition, the Google Scholar search engine was also explored. A total of 20 articles were included in the literature review.
Findings. Maintaining proper organ perfusion and identifying clinical conditions that can be effectively treated are among the most important goals of hemodynamic management of these donors, and hemodynamic monitoring, serum therapy, use of cardiac drugs, and hormone therapy are among the most important. There are also studies that recommend serial echocardiography to identify reversible clinical conditions.
Conclusion. The high demand for organ transplantation, and despite the high number of brain deaths and sometimes consent for transplantation, only a small percentage of these people's organs are successfully transplanted. In order to preserve the transplanted organs, it is recommended to take proper and basic care of the patients with brain death. It is necessary for nurses, especially nurses in the intensive care unit, to be very careful in caring for patients with potential brain death.

Factors affecting lifestyle modification in people with ischemic heart disease: An integrated review

Mohsen Taghadosi

Abstract
Aim. This study was designed to identify factors affecting lifestyle modification in people with ischemic heart disease.
Background. Lifestyle is an important determinant of health. The relationship between lifestyle and various diseases has been reported in many studies. Ischemic heart disease is one of the most important diseases related to lifestyle, which causes significant morbidity and mortality in societies. Understanding the factors affecting the lifestyle modification of people with ischemic heart disease can reduce the complications caused by this condition.
Method. This integrated review with the seven-step method of Dhollande et al. (2021), searching for effective factors on lifestyle modification in people with heart ischemia in Persian and English language articles published from January 2013 to March 2024. The keywords included lifestyle, modification, change, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease, inhibiting factors and facilitating factors, which were searched out in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Sciences, Magiran and SID. A total of 2753 articles were obtained, and finally 20 articles were selected and reviewed in this study.
Findings. The review of studies showed that 19 articles are in English and one article is in Farsi. The number of participants in all selected studies was 738809. Eight studies were conducted with qualitative method, eight with quantitative observational designs and four with clinical trial design. Also, 12 studies were conducted in European countries, while eight were conducted in Asian countries. The themes of the articles were obtained in the form of demographics, socio-economic, political-organizational, psychological-learning and individual-belief factors.
Conclusion. Lifestyle modification in people with ischemic heart disease is a complex and multidimensional process. Holistic support for these patients is necessary to modify their lifestyle. Understanding these factors is a basis for improving care programs for these patients.

The effect of emotion-focused couple therapy on marital life quality, covert relational aggression and psychological health of couples with cardiovascular disease

Zahra DashtBozorgi

Abstract
Aim. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of emotion-focused couple therapy on marital life quality, covert relational aggression and psychological health of couples with cardiovascular disease.
Background. Patients with cardiovascular disease face many problems in their marital life and psychological health, and the use of couple therapy methods is necessary to improve them.
Method. This study was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with control group. The study population was patients with cardiovascular disease (including hypertension, acute coronary syndrome, infarction, angina pectoris and constrictive pericarditis) referred to Razi Hospital in Ahvaz city, Iran in 2023. The sample size for each group was considered to be 13 couples, and these couples were selected by purposive sampling method based on inclusion criteria. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes duration (two sessions per week) in the form of emotion-focused couple therapy and during this time, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected with the scales marital life quality (Zhang et al., 2013), covert relational aggression (Nelsno & Carroll, 2006) and psychological health (Najarian & Davoodi, 2001) and were analyzed with Chi-square test, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.
Findings. There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of age, education, illness duration and type of couple illness. In the pre-test stage, the groups did not differ significantly in terms of the mean score of marital life quality, covert relational aggression and psychological health, but in the post-test stage, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of all three variables (P≤0.0001). In this way, the emotion-focused couple therapy improved married life quality (F=125.366, P≤0.0001), reduced covert relational aggression (F=206.601, P≤0.0001) and improved psychological health (F=175.052, P≤0.0001) in couples with cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion. The results of this study showed the effect of emotion-focused couple therapy on improving the marital life quality, reducing the covert relational aggression, and improving the psychological health of couples with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use emotion-focused couple therapy along with other effective treatment methods to improve variables related to marital life and psychological health.

Patent ductus arteriosus in infants: Characteristics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic management

Mona Alinejad Naeini

Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this review article is to introduce the phenomenon of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to health care providers of the neonatal intensive care unit, particularly nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Background. The patent ductus arteriosus is among the developmental diseases of the heart. The ductus arteriosus is the pathway that connects the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta during fetal life. This duct closes in neonates within a few minutes to a few days after birth. Familiarity with this phenomenon may help health care providers in taking care of babies experiencing this condition. The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life requires coordinated and complex biochemical, physiological, and anatomical changes that takes an extended period of time in premature infants and those with congenital conditions. Rapid and timely assessment and intervention by the health care team can help at this vital stage of life.

Method. This literature review was conducted through a systematic and targeted search of articles and texts published from 2008 to 2024 in PubMed/, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus using the keywords Patent ductus arteriosus, Infant, Nursing care, Treatment, and their Persian equivalents.

Findings. Twelve articles and one book were found and the findings were organized as definition and pathophysiology of patent ductus arteriosus, diagnoses. treatment options, and nursing care.
Conclusion. The transition of the fetus from the womb to extrauterine life is one of the dynamic and vital adaptations in the life of neonates, especially premature neonates. With comprehensive monitoring and skillful clinical assessment, patent ductus arteriosus in neonates can be better managed.

The effect of education based on Pender’s health promotion model on quality of life and medication adherence in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Study protocol for a clinical trial

Mohammad Abbasi

Abstract
Aim. This study aims to assess the impact of education based on the Pender’s health promotion model on quality of life and medication adherence in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).
Background. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to provide adequate circulation to meet the metabolic needs. One of the common complications of this disease is sudden cardiac death due to
arrhythmias. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are recognized as an effective treatment for this issue, as they detect life-threatening arrhythmias and deliver electrical shocks to restore the heart's rhythm to a normal sinus rhythm. Despite the life-saving benefits of these devices, ICD shocks may have negative effects on patients' quality of life. Additionally, poor medication adherence remains a major challenge, leading to treatment failure, increased complications, and higher healthcare costs. Through the implementation of various educational models and health strategies, nurses can effectively influence patients' awareness, attitudes, and health behaviors. The Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) is a framework that leverages individuals' experiences, emotions, perceptions, and
behaviors to improve health outcomes.
Method. This is a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial that will be conducted at Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular Institute in Tehran. Patients with heart failure who undergo ICD implantation will be randomly assigned to the intervention and control group. Both groups will complete a demographic information form, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). The intervention group, in addition to receiving the standard hospital educational program, will
participate in a 45-minute in-person session at discharge. This session will introduce the number and content of the educational sessions and emphasize the importance of continuous participation. Subsequently, five 30-minute virtual educational sessions will be conducted twice weekly, based on the Pender’s Health Promotion Model. Additionally,
weekly telephone follow-ups will be conducted for one month to monitor adherence to recommendations and address potential issues. The control group will receive only the standard hospital education program at discharge. At the end of the study, both groups will complete the MLHFQ and MMAS-8 questionnaires again to assess outcomes.

The effect of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) against Covid-19 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on physiological measures and fatigue in student nurses: A randomized controlled trial study

Rasool Eslami Akbar

Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of wearing personal protective equipment against covid-19 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on physiological measures and fatigue in student nurses.
Background. Exposure of health workers to respiratory secretions and droplets of patients causes many infections. The use of personal protective equipment by nurses, despite providing safety, is often described as uncomfortable.
Method. The current randomized controlled trial was conducted in practical nursing skills laboratory of nursing school affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Student nurses studying at eight semester were recruited in the study by census sampling method and randomly allocated to either experimental or control group. Intervention was wearing PPE during CPR for experimental group (n=20) compared to the control group (n=20) not wearing PPE. Physiological measures (pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation percentage, and temperature) and fatigue index was measured before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 21.
Findings. Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in heart rate, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, percentage of oxygen saturation, fever and fatigue. After intervention, the means of pulse rate (p≤0.0001), systolic blood pressure (p=0.035), temperature (p≤0.0001), and fatigue score (p≤0.0001) in experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The mean percentage of oxygen saturation after the intervention was not significantly different between the groups.
Conclusion. The use of personal protective equipment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can affect physiological measures including blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature, and fatigue in student nurses. It is necessary to design personal protective equipment with minimal potential discomfort and the highest safety for healthcare providers.

Relationship of COVID-19 infection with demographic characteristics of the staff at Rajaie Cardiovascular Institute

Saeideh Mazloomzadeh

Abstract
Aim. This study examines the relationship of COVID-19 infection with demographic characteristics of the staff at Rajaie Cardiovascular Institute during the first six months of the epidemic.
Background. The COVID-19 virus was first identified in December 2019 in China and then rapidly spread to other countries. One of the challenges that arose during the COVID-19 pandemic was human resource management. This led managers to prioritize protecting and managing employee health and safety.
Method. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the staff of the Rajaei Cardiovascular Institute who were infected with COVID-19 between February and September 22, 2020. Demographic characteristics and clinical variables of the patients were collected using clinical records, interviews with the infected individuals, and phone calls. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.
Findings. Over six months, 448 individuals with a mean age of 38.86 years contracted COVID-19. Among them, 280 individuals (62.5 percent) were female. A total of 155 employees (67.1 percent) developed symptoms of the disease within one to five days after contact with an infected person. Additionally, 206 employees (48.4 percent) used all three protective measures—masks, gloves, and social distancing. Contact with an infected individual was observed as the most common method of disease transmission. The most common symptoms among the infected were myalgia, weakness, and fever, with only 3.5 percent requiring hospitalization.
Conclusion. Most patients, despite following health and personal protection guidelines, contracted COVID-19. Therefore, it seems that in addition to adhering to health guidelines, vaccination is also an important necessity to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Other factors, such as changes in virus strains and people's failure in following health protocols, also contribute to the spread of the disease.

The effect of telemonitoring on the compliance with self-care recommendations in patients with heart failure

Zohreh Shahbazi

Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of telemonitoring on the compliance with self-care recommendations in patients with heart failure.
Background. Patients with heart failure need to strengthen their self-care behaviors in order to cope with the problems caused by the disease. This is despite the fact that most patients have poor compliance with self-care recommendations. In recent years, telemonitoring has been considered as an effective approach to increase patients compliance with self-care recommendations.
Method. This was a quasi-experimental study with an intervention group. The desired outcome was adherence to weekly self-reporting of three subjects: vital signs, questions related to experienced symptoms related to the disease and questions related to educational content. The statistical sample consisted of 68 people with heart failure referred to the heart failure clinic of selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran, who were selected by available methods and were trained and followed up for 8 weeks through messengers and phone calls.
Findings. Out of 68 patients, 7 patients were excluded, and the data of 61 patients was analyzed and reported as percentage of frequency. This method of intervention has received very good feedback from the participants such that the average response to questions related to weekly educational content was 91.9 percent, the average weekly self-reporting of vital signs was 86.4 percent, and the average weekly response to questions related to symptoms experienced related to the disease was 93 percent.
Conclusion. The results show that telemonitoring is effective in increasing the compliance with self-care recommendations in patients with heart failure.

A review of telenursing in the care of patients with heart failure: A narrative review

Somaye Tajaldini

Abstract
Aim. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the effect of telenursing in the care of patients with heart failure.
Background. Heart failure is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, which is presented as a progressive and debilitating disorder. The prevalence of this disease is increasing due to the increasing age of the population, recent advances in the treatment of myocardial infarction, congenital diseases and the decline in mortality. In Iran, approximately one percent of all people over 40 years old have heart failure. The prevalence of this disease doubles with every decade of life and reaches about 10 percent in people over 70 years old. Studies have shown that specialized disease management programs for chronic heart failure (CHF) improve survival and quality of life and reduce health care utilization. Telenursing is one of the existing models.
Method. The present study is a narrative review. The researchers searched out the databases and search engines PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar using the keywords, care, chronic heart failure, nurse, telenursing and their Persian equivalent. After checking out the title and abstract of the articles found using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool, the researchers reviewed 10 articles in this study.
Findings. Telenursing reduces hospitalization due to heart failure, reduces mortality and improves quality of life in patients with heart failure and improves education and follow-up after discharge. It also improves disease outcomes and reduces health costs.
Conclusion. The importance of paying attention to telenursing is recommended to policy makers and decision makers in the health system.

Educational approaches to self-care and their outcomes in elderly patients with hypertension: A literature review

Fatemeh Bahramnezhad

Abstract
Aim. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying different educational approaches to self-care and their outcomes in elderly patients with hypertension.
Background. The increase in life expectancy and decrease in fertility rates have led to a growth in the elderly population worldwide. High blood pressure, one of the most common chronic diseases among the elderly, is on the rise. Engaging patients in self-care activities is considered as an effective way to control high blood pressure, requiring a shift in patient understanding, attitude, and education.
Method. This review was conducted using searching out the keywords, self-care, elderly, high blood pressure, hypertension, and patient education in databases, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, MagIran, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 2010 to 2024. Inclusion criteria consisted of articles published in Farsi and English with full-text availability, resulting in the evaluation of 14 articles.
Findings. The study revealed that education based on various approaches such as health belief, common sense, interactive and blended, Leventhal, multimedia, and virtual space had a positive and significant impact on blood pressure control. However, the specific approach with the most impact remains unclear, though studies suggest the health belief model has a greater influence.
Conclusion. Based on these findings, it is recommended that patient education is conducted based on educational approaches and self-learning models. This recommendation should be considered by hospital patient education units and nurses.

The effect of risk management program on pharmaceutical calculation skills of nurses in cardiac care units

Maryam Moghimian

Abstract
Aim. This study aimed to examine the effect of implementing a risk management program on pharmaceutical calculation skills of nurses in cardiac care units.
Background. Patient safety and the early detection of medication errors are indicators of the quality of care. Risk management, through a systems-based approach, is an important strategy for preventing medication errors and harm to patients.
Method. This was a semi-experimental study. The study population was staff nurses working in the cardiac care units of Milad Hospital in Isfahan. Sixty nurses working in cardiac care units were selected based on inclusion criteria using a convenience sampling method, and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention group participated in a risk management program delivered in eight 2-hour sessions, two sessions per week. The control group received the hospital training program. Data collection instruments included demographic form and nurses’ pharmaceutical calculation skills questionnaire, which were completed at the beginning and two weeks after the study. Data were analyzed in SPSS 21.
Findings. Before the study, there were no statistical significant differences between the two groups in pharmaceutical calculation skills, interest, ability, need for training, ease of pharmaceutical calculation skills, and medication errors. The mean score of the pharmaceutical calculation skills was in the “good” level. After the study, in the intervention group the nurses’ pharmaceutical calculation skills, ease of calculations, and ability increased significantly (p≤0.0001), whereas there was no significant change in the control group. After the study, the difference in pharmaceutical calculation skills between the intervention and control groups was significant (p≤0.0001).
Conclusion. Implementation of the risk management program significantly enhances nurses’ pharmaceutical calculation skills and is suggested as a strategy for promoting safe medication administration by nurses and achieving high-quality nursing care.

The role of nurses in managing the treatment of STEMI patients

Elham Navab

Abstract
Aim. In this review article، the role of nurses in managing patients with STEMI who are undergoing primary PCI will be reviewed.
Background. Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe type of coronary artery disease that occurs due to the blockage of the coronary arteries of the heart. Considering the priority of treating patients with STEMI with primary PCI procedure is a priority.
Method. In this review study، literature search with the keywords Primary PCI، Nursing process، CAD، and STEMI was searched out in the electronic databases Google Scholar، Scopus، Cochrane library، PubMed، IranDoc، Magiran، and SID، from 2018 to 2024، in English and Persian language. In total، out of 120 retrieved articles، 21 were reviewed and analyzed.
Findings. ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the critical and acute manifestations of CVD. The main treatment of the disease is reestablishing myocardial perfusion with percutaneous coronary intervention or thrombolytic therapy; and coronary angioplasty (PCI) is the preferred method of reperfusion. In line with the successful implementation of the treatment protocol، the cooperation of the medical staff is necessary and the empowerment of nurses regarding emergency nursing and triage of cardiac patients، nursing care before، during and after PCI، the correct implementation of the treatment protocol، prevention of complications، and also the training of patients in the field self-care methods and lifestyle modification، secondary prevention and medication adherence are important.
Conclusion. Nursing measures are very important in managing the treatment of patients with myocardial infarction and reducing complications and mortality، and the knowledge and practice of nurses should be updated to improve the quality of nursing care and increasing patient safety.