Abstract
Aim. The aim of this review was to investigate the effects of Crocus sativus (Saffron) on cardiovascular diseases from Iranian traditional medicine to modern phytotherapy.
Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) presently accounts for almost half of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and causes deaths of 17.3 million per year. Crocus sativus is one of the various traditional herbs that have been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects on cardiovascular disease. Crocus sativus, commonly known as Saffron, is a species of flowering plant of the Crocus genus in the Iridaceae family.
Method. Data were obtained from searching the scientific databases including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and related Iranian traditional medicine books. The keywords included "Crocus sativus", "saffron", "cardiovascular diseases", "heart disease" and "therapeutic properties of saffron". Finally, searching in databases detected 58 records that 37 sources had the inclusion criteria and their full texts were carefully reviewed.
Findings. Crocus sativus shows antispasmodic, eupeptic, gingival sedative, anticatarrhal, nerve sedative, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic, aphrodisiac, and emmenagogue activities. In addition, it is effective in treating cardiovascular disease. Crocus sativus extract has an anti-arrhythmic effect, vascular smooth muscle relaxant, blood pressure reducing effect and protective role on ischemic heart disease. Also, it can play an important role in stopping ischemic heart damage and be used as a new preventive tool for ischemic heart disease.
Conclusion. Many studies confirm that Crocus sativus has a wide range of pharmacological activities, but it seems more research is needed to evaluate these mechanisms.

Abstract
Aim. This paper reviews the potential role of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Background. CVD is one of the most important causes of mortality. Paying attention to the risk factors of CVD is of great importance in reducing mortality, the cost of treatment and care and improving health indicators. Over the recent years, HDP have been considered as a risk factor for developing CVD in later life. Method. This review study was conducted by searching out PubMed, Scopus, and Springer databases from 2016 to 2019, based on the availability of articles full text. The keywords included “hypertensive disorder of pregnancy AND cardiovascular disease AND risk AND screening”. At first, 223 articles were found that according to the title and with the elimination of repetitive and non-English language studies, the number of articles was reduced to 17, and 10 papers were reviewed.
Findings. Within the recent years, the incidence of CVD in women with a history of HDP has been considered. The main discussion in numerous studies has been focused on whether the presence of risk factors for CVD before pregnancy leads to HDP and then occurrence of hypertension in later years, or HDP is the risk factor for the onset of CVD in the future.
Conclusion. Pregnancy is considered as a stress test that unveiling CVD, therefore, it is important that the history of HDP to be considered in the list of risk factors for CVD in postpartum years. Annual blood pressure and renal function monitoring, lifestyle modification and paying attention to the CVD risk factors in this group of women is recommended.

Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Background. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery, like other surgeries, is stressful for the patient, and depression, anxiety, and stress are common important disorders in these patients. In this regard, one of the effective psychotherapy methods to reduce negative psychological factors and prevent recurrence of the disease is cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Method. The design of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in selected AJA hospital in Tehran, Iran. Based on convenience sampling, 30 people were selected and randomly allocated to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) group. They responded to the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21) and underwent 15 sessions of psychotherapy. The experimental and control group were homogeneous in terms of age, education, as well as duration of hospital stay and absence of other chronic diseases. The univariate analysis of covariance was performed using SPSS-23.
Findings. The results showed that depression, anxiety and stress of the experimental group significantly reduced in the post-test compared to those of control group.
Conclusion. In addition to medical interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy can also be used for patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery to reduce depression, anxiety and stress and prevent recurrence of the disease. Special attention can also be paid to the psychological factors that cause or exacerbate cardiovascular disease.

Abstract
Aim. The present descriptive study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the knowledge and skill of pre-hospital emergency technicians in Neyshabour, Iran, in the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Background. Pre-hospital emergency personnel who have sufficient knowledge and skill to diagnose, giving care and transfer of patients can increase the chance of survival and decrease the possibility of acute and chronic complications of the disease.
Method. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 126 operational personnel working in the emergency medical center of Neyshabour City, Iran, were recruited by census sampling and participated in the study during a one year period in 2021. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge level questionnaire, and a pre-hospital emergency personnel skill checklist measuring the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 19 through descriptive statistics.
Findings. The overall knowledge score of the majority of participants in the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome was at a good level (58.7 percent); the highest knowledge score was reported in the interpretation of electrocardiography and the lowest knowledge score was in diagnosing the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. Finally, the overall skill score of the majority of pre-hospital emergency technicians was at a good level (79.4 percent); the highest skill score was reported in the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the lowest skill score was in performing cardiac monitoring and detecting arrhythmias.
Conclusion. The majority of pre-hospital emergency technicians had an acceptable level of knowledge and skill in the field of managing patients with acute coronary syndrome, but some skills were far from the desired level. Therefore, due to the importance of strengthening the knowledge and skills of pre-hospital emergency personnel, as the first members of the emergency team dealing with cardiac patients, in the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome, regular training and awareness of updated guidelines are recommended.