Abstract
Aim. This study aimed to compare the effect of spaced and mass education on stress and anxiety in candidates for angiography.
Background. Regarding the role of education in reducing stress and anxiety before angiography, comparison of the effect of spaced and mass education seems to be important in managing stress and anxiety in people experiencing this procedure.
Method. In this interventional study, statistical population consisted of candidates for angiography referred to selected hospitals of Isfahan in 2018. Sixty candidates for non-emergency angiography were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two groups of 30. The data collection instruments were the questionnaires demographic information, Cohen`s Perceived Stress (PSS14) and Spielberger`s Anxiety Inventory. Initially, all three questionnaires were completed by the participants. Then the education was provided by the researcher to the participants of the mass education group individually and face to face for 25 to 45 minutes (according to the participants tolerance) and in the end of the session, a 5 to 10 minutes time were given for answering participants’ questions. In the spaced education group, the educational content was provided by the researcher in three stages of 10 to 15 minutes and in groups of 3 to 6 participants. After the training of both groups, stress and anxiety were measured again by the questionnaires. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings. Before and after intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups in terms of mean scores of stress, state anxiety and trait anxiety. After intervention, a statistically significant decrease in mean scores of stress, state anxiety and trait anxiety were found in each group compared with before intervention.
Conclusion. Regarding the similar effect of spaced and mass education on stress and anxiety in candidates for angiography, it is recommended to use mass education method for candidates before angiography, since it is more cost effective and time saving than spaced education method.
 

Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of protocol of weaning from mechanical ventilation on the gastrointestinal function in people undergoing CABG.
Background. The most common problems after cardiac surgery in the intensive care unit are change in vital signs, respiratory problems, unsuccessful separation from mechanical ventilation, and gastrointestinal problems. Due to the numerous effects that gastrointestinal problems have on the patient after cardiac surgery and also the economic burden that these complications impose on the patient and the health care system, choosing the best technique to prevent and control these problems is critical for the health care team.
Method. The present study was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 100 people undergoing CABG. They were allocated to control and experimental group based on permuted block randomization. The control group received routine way and experimental group received protocol of weaning. The groups  were compared in terms of nausea and vomiting, the time of beginning oral diet, defecation and bowel sounds before weaning 2, 6, and 12 hours after weaning from mechanical ventilation. Data were analyzed In SPSS version 23 using chi-square, Mann–Whitney U and Fisher tests.
Findings. In experimental group, there was a faster onset of bowel sounds and movements and earlier beginning of oral diet.
Conclusion. Patients who were under the protocol of weaning from mechanical ventilation had better gastrointestinal functional status compared to those who were under routine weaning.

Abstract
Aim. The aim of this study was to compare hope and anxiety between adolescents with a parent with chronic heart disease and adolescents with a parent with type 2 diabetes.
Background. Chronic illness in parents is associated with developing problems such as decreased hope and anxiety for children.
Method. The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study in which 120 adolescents either with a parent with chronic heart failure or with a parent with diabetes type 2 were recruited by convenience sampling. Schneider's hope scale and Beck anxiety questionnaire were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software version 24.
Findings. The total hope score in adolescents with parents with chronic heart failure and adolescents with parents with type 2 diabetes was respectively 28.70±5.01 and 31.40±4.20. Sixty percent of adolescents with a parent with chronic heart disease had the lowest anxiety level, 25 percent experience mild anxiety, 10 percent reported moderate anxiety, and 5 percent experience severe anxiety. Ninety and five percent of adolescents with parents with diabetes showed the lowest anxiety, 3.3 percent experienced mild anxiety and 1.7 percent reported moderate anxiety.
Conclusion. Adolescents with a parent with chronic heart disease have significantly higher levels of anxiety than adolescents with a parent with diabetes type 2, and there is a significant difference between their overall hope score. Because anxiety and hope can affect all aspects of a person's life, therefore, the implementation of educational and behavioral interventions to improve anxiety and hope is recommended.